What to Know About Norovirus This Season, With Maria Escarcia, D.O.
Norovirus is a highly contagious stomach virus that peaks during the colder months and spreads easily through contact, food and surfaces.
By
Lana Pine
| Published on December 16, 2025
2 min read
Norovirus is a highly contagious stomach virus that follows a predictable seasonal pattern, according to Maria Escarcia, D.O., an emergency medicine physician with Baptist Health South Florida. Outbreaks tend to occur between November and April because the virus thrives in cooler, drier temperatures. During this time of year, cases rise sharply, especially in crowded or enclosed settings.
Escarcia explains that norovirus spreads through what’s known as fecal-oral transmission. This means the virus can be passed through direct contact with someone who is infected, consuming contaminated food or water, or touching contaminated surfaces and then touching the mouth. Foods prepared by someone who is sick, contaminated ice or water, and raw shellfish — particularly oysters — are common sources of infection. Because norovirus requires only a very small amount of viral particles to cause illness, it spreads quickly and easily.
The virus is especially difficult to control because many common disinfectants and alcohol-based hand sanitizers are not very effective against it. This is one reason outbreaks are frequently seen on cruise ships, where many people share close quarters and frequently touch the same surfaces. Escarcia emphasizes that the most effective prevention strategy is thorough handwashing with soap and water. While it may seem simple, proper handwashing remains the best defense against norovirus.
Certain groups are at higher risk for complications from norovirus, including young children under age 5, adults over 65, pregnant individuals and people with weakened immune systems. For most people, norovirus symptoms can be managed at home with rest and hydration. However, some cases require medical care, particularly when signs of severe dehydration appear.
Warning signs that medical attention may be needed include very dry lips, producing little or no urine and extreme fatigue. In children, red flags include crying without tears, fewer wet diapers or unusual lethargy. Escarcia stresses that recognizing these symptoms early and seeking care when needed can prevent serious complications.
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